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Battle of Cartagena de Indias
The Battle of Cartagena de Indias was an amphibious military engagement between the forces of Britain under Vice-Admiral Edward Vernon and those of Spain under Admiral Blas de Lezo. It took place at the city of Cartagena de Indias in March 1741, in present-day Colombia. The battle was a significant episode of the War of Jenkins' Ear and a large-scale naval campaign. The war later was subsumed into the greater conflict of the War of the Austrian Succession. The battle resulted in a major defeat for the British Navy and Army.
The defeat caused heavy losses for the British:〔Coxe, William. ''Memoirs of the kings of Spain of the House of Bourbon'', Volume 3, London 1815. Coxe also gives the overall loss of the expedition during the campaign as 20,000 lives lost, Reed Browning considers this "not implausible." p. 382.〕 mostly due to disease that also took its toll among the Spanish forces, especially yellow fever.〔Tindal, N. ''The continuation of Mr. Rapin's History of England'', Vol. VII, London, MDCCLIX, p. 511, "The epidemical sickness by this time had carried off not only the greatest part of the troops, but had made havock amongst the crews that had sailed from England...". Also, Harbron, John D..''Trafalgar and the Spanish navy'', Conway Maritime Press, 1998, ISBN 0-87021-695-3, p. 108, "... yellow fever... killed perhaps 9,000 sailors and troops in the British forces".〕
==Background==
The War of Jenkins' Ear was a conflict between Great Britain and Spain that lasted from 1739 to 1748. Under the 1729 Treaty of Seville, the British had agreed not to trade with the Spanish colonies except under limited conditions, under the ''Asiento de Negros'' slave trade and the Annual Ship under the ''Navio de Permiso''. The Asiento allowed Britain a monopoly to supply 5,000 slaves a year to the Spanish colonies. The Navio de Permiso permitted a single yearly trading ship, the Annual Ship, which could carry 1000 tons of imports to the yearly trade fair in Porto Bello.〔Browning, Reed. ''The War of the Austrian Succession'', New York, 1993 ISBN 0-312-12561-5, p.21.〕 Upon receiving these concessions from Spain, the British government granted a monopoly for both to the South Sea Company.〔Ibañez, I.R.. ''Mobilizing Resources for War: The Intelligence Systems during the War of Jenkin's Ear'', London, 2008, p. 16.〕 The merchants and bankers in Britain, who were the driving force behind Britain's international commerce and trading, demanded more access to the lucrative Spanish markets of the Caribbean Basin. In turn, the Spanish colonists desired British-made goods, so a burgeoning black market of smuggled goods developed.〔Richmond, Herbert William. ''The Cambridge Naval and Military Series, The Navy in the War of 1739–48'', Cambridge University Press, 1920, vol 1, p. 2.〕
By the terms of the treaty, the Spanish were permitted to board British vessels in Spanish waters. After one such boarding in 1731, Robert Jenkins, captain of the ship ''Rebecca'', claimed that a Spanish coast guard officer had severed his ear.〔Harbron, John D..''Trafalgar and the Spanish navy', Conway Maritime Press, 1998, ISBN 0-87021-695-3, p.3.〕 The legend that Jenkins exhibited his pickled ear to the House of Commons appears to have no basis in fact. This served to heighten the "war fever" developing against Spain, which was also driven by the British desire for commercial and military domination of the Atlantic basin. To much cheering, the British Prime Minister, Robert Walpole, reluctantly declared war on October 23, 1739,〔Rodger N.A.M. ''The Command of the Ocean,'' 2004, p. 238. Also: Harbron, John D. ''Trafalgar and the Spanish Navy,'' Conway Maritime Press, 2004, ISBN 0-87021-695-3, pp.236-237. .〕 reportedly saying, "They may ring their bells now; they will be wringing their hands before long."〔Pearce, Edward. ''The Great Man: Sir Robert Walpole'', London , 2007, ISBN 978-1-84413-405-2, p.402-403. Also, Fortescue, ''A History'', p. 57.〕
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